Исправления безопасности и чистка кода

- render_tech_badge: format_html вместо mark_safe с непроверенной подстановкой (XSS);
- превью ссылок статьи: только публичные http(s)-адреса, без запросов во внутреннюю
  сеть сервера (SSRF); ошибки логируются вместо except: pass;
- автопостинг в Telegram переведён на parse_mode=HTML с html.escape (раньше в канал
  уходили видимые обратные слэши), включается переменной SOCIAL_AUTOPOST;
- убран ping Google (эндпоинт отключён в 2023 году);
- ошибка отправки письма с формы обратной связи больше не глушится;
- whitenoise и DJANGO_SERVE_MEDIA для запуска без nginx;
- импорты упорядочены, неиспользуемые удалены (ruff).

dspace/settings.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ INSTALLED_APPS = [
 
 MIDDLEWARE = [
     'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
+    'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware',
     'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
     'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
     'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
@@ -102,7 +104,9 @@ if not DEBUG:
     STATICFILES_STORAGE = 'django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage'
 
 MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
-MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'
+MEDIA_ROOT = Path(os.environ.get('DJANGO_MEDIA_ROOT', BASE_DIR / 'media'))
+# Отдавать media самим Django (для запуска в Docker без nginx); в бою media отдаёт nginx
+SERVE_MEDIA = os.environ.get('DJANGO_SERVE_MEDIA', 'False') == 'True'
 
 DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
 
@@ -111,6 +115,9 @@ SMARTCAPTCHA_CLIENT_KEY = os.environ.get('SMARTCAPTCHA_CLIENT_KEY', '')
 SMARTCAPTCHA_SERVER_KEY = os.environ.get('SMARTCAPTCHA_SERVER_KEY', '')
 
 
+# Автопостинг новых статей в Telegram-канал и группу VK (выключен по умолчанию)
+SOCIAL_AUTOPOST = os.environ.get('SOCIAL_AUTOPOST', 'False') == 'True'
+
 # Telegram Bot Settings
 TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN = os.environ.get('TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN', '')
 TELEGRAM_CHANNEL_ID = os.environ.get('TELEGRAM_CHANNEL_ID', '')
@@ -126,7 +133,7 @@ VK_GROUP_ID = os.environ.get('VK_GROUP_ID', '')
 # Email Settings
 EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
 EMAIL_HOST = os.environ.get('EMAIL_HOST', 'smtp.yandex.ru')
-EMAIL_PORT = int(os.environ.get('EMAIL_PORT', 465))
+EMAIL_PORT = int(os.environ.get('EMAIL_PORT', '465'))
 EMAIL_USE_SSL = True
 EMAIL_HOST_USER = os.environ.get('EMAIL_HOST_USER', '')
 EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = os.environ.get('EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD', '')

dspace/urls.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-from django.contrib import admin
-from django.urls import path, include
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.conf.urls.static import static
+from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
+from django.urls import include, path
+
 from main.sitemaps import ArticleSitemap, ProjectSitemap, StaticViewSitemap
 
 sitemaps = {
@@ -17,8 +18,9 @@ urlpatterns = [
     path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps}, name='sitemap'),
 ]
 
-if settings.DEBUG:
+if settings.DEBUG or settings.SERVE_MEDIA:
     urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
+if settings.DEBUG:
     urlpatterns += static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATICFILES_DIRS[0])
 
 handler404 = 'main.views.handler404'

main/admin.py

@@ -4,10 +4,24 @@ import json
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.utils.html import format_html
+
 from .models import (
-    CustomUser, Category, Article, ArticleImage, ArticleFile, ArticleLink,
+    Article,
-    Project, ProjectStatus, Skill, Comment, ArticleLike, CommentLike,
+    ArticleFile,
-    ContactMessage, Experience, Education, SiteSettings
+    ArticleImage,
+    ArticleLike,
+    ArticleLink,
+    Category,
+    Comment,
+    CommentLike,
+    ContactMessage,
+    CustomUser,
+    Education,
+    Experience,
+    Project,
+    ProjectStatus,
+    SiteSettings,
+    Skill,
 )
 
 

main/forms.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-from django import forms
-from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
-from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
-from django.conf import settings
 import bleach
 import requests
+from django import forms
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
+from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
 
-from .models import CustomUser, Comment, ContactMessage
+from .models import Comment, ContactMessage, CustomUser
 
 
 class SmartCaptchaField(forms.CharField):

main/management/commands/load_initial_data.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
-from main.models import (
-    Skill, Experience, Education, Project, Category, SiteSettings, Article
-)
 from datetime import date
 
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
+
+from main.models import Article, Category, Education, Experience, Project, SiteSettings, Skill
+
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = 'Загрузка начальных данных из резюме Деева Е.В.'

main/management/commands/populate_demo.py

@@ -3,14 +3,20 @@
 Использование: python manage.py populate_demo
 """
 
-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
+from datetime import date
+
 from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
+
 from main.models import (
-    SiteSettings, Skill, Project, Article, ArticleCategory,
+    Article,
-    Experience, Education, Achievement, Comment
+    ArticleCategory,
+    Education,
+    Experience,
+    Project,
+    SiteSettings,
+    Skill,
 )
-from datetime import date, timedelta
-import random
 
 User = get_user_model()
 

main/models.py

@@ -1,11 +1,29 @@
-from django.db import models
+import ipaddress
+import logging
+import socket
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+import requests
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
+from django.db import models
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.text import slugify
 from unidecode import unidecode
-import requests
+
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+
+def is_public_http_url(url):
+    """Проверка, что ссылка ведёт на публичный http(s)-адрес, а не во внутреннюю сеть сервера."""
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+    if parsed.scheme not in ('http', 'https') or not parsed.hostname:
+        return False
+    try:
+        infos = socket.getaddrinfo(parsed.hostname, parsed.port or 443)
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    return all(ipaddress.ip_address(info[4][0]).is_global for info in infos)
 
 
 class CustomUser(AbstractUser):
@@ -235,6 +253,9 @@ class ArticleLink(models.Model):
 
     def fetch_preview(self):
         """Автоматическое получение метаданных ссылки."""
+        if not is_public_http_url(self.url):
+            logger.warning('Превью не загружено: адрес %s не публичный', self.url)
+            return
         try:
             headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; ArticleBot/1.0)'}
             response = requests.get(self.url, headers=headers, timeout=10)
@@ -262,8 +283,8 @@ class ArticleLink(models.Model):
             if og_image:
                 self.preview_image = og_image.get('content', '')
 
-        except Exception:
+        except (requests.RequestException, AttributeError, TypeError) as e:
-            pass
+            logger.warning('Не удалось получить превью %s: %s', self.url, e)
 
     def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if not self.title:

main/signals.py

@@ -1,79 +1,72 @@
+import html
+import logging
+
+import requests
+from django.conf import settings
 from django.db.models.signals import post_save
 from django.dispatch import receiver
-from django.conf import settings
-import requests
-import logging
 
 from .models import Article
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+SITE_URL = 'https://deev.space'
+
 
 @receiver(post_save, sender=Article)
 def publish_to_social_media(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
     """Автоматическая публикация новой статьи в социальные сети."""
-    if not created:
+    if not created or not instance.is_published or instance.is_achievement:
         return
 
-    if not instance.is_published:
+    if settings.SOCIAL_AUTOPOST:
-        return
-
-    if instance.is_achievement:
-        return
-
-    '''
-    # Telegram
         if settings.TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN and settings.TELEGRAM_CHANNEL_ID:
             try:
                 publish_to_telegram(instance)
-            logger.info(f'Статья "{instance.title}" опубликована в Telegram')
+                logger.info('Статья "%s" опубликована в Telegram', instance.title)
-        except Exception as e:
+            except requests.RequestException:
-            logger.error(f'Ошибка публикации в Telegram: {e}')
+                logger.exception('Ошибка публикации в Telegram')
 
-    # VK
         if settings.VK_ACCESS_TOKEN and settings.VK_GROUP_ID:
             try:
                 publish_to_vk(instance)
-            logger.info(f'Статья "{instance.title}" опубликована в VK')
+                logger.info('Статья "%s" опубликована в VK', instance.title)
-        except Exception as e:
+            except requests.RequestException:
-            logger.error(f'Ошибка публикации в VK: {e}')
+                logger.exception('Ошибка публикации в VK')
-    '''
 
-    try:
+    ping_search_engines()
-        ping_search_engines(instance)
+
-        logger.info(f'Поисковые системы уведомлены о статье "{instance.title}"')
+
-    except Exception as e:
+def build_telegram_text(article):
-        logger.error(f'Ошибка уведомления поисковых систем: {e}')
+    """Текст поста для Telegram в режиме parse_mode=HTML."""
+    article_url = f'{SITE_URL}{article.get_absolute_url()}'
+    text = f'📝 <b>{html.escape(article.title)}</b>\n\n'
+    if article.excerpt:
+        excerpt = article.excerpt[:200] + '...' if len(article.excerpt) > 200 else article.excerpt
+        text += f'{html.escape(excerpt)}\n\n'
+    text += f'<a href="{html.escape(article_url, quote=True)}">Читать полностью</a>'
+    return text
 
 
 def publish_to_telegram(article):
     """Публикация статьи в Telegram-канал."""
-    bot_token = settings.TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN
+    api = f'https://api.telegram.org/bot{settings.TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN}'
-    channel_id = settings.TELEGRAM_CHANNEL_ID
+    text = build_telegram_text(article)
-
-    article_url = f"https://deev.space{article.get_absolute_url()}"
-
-    text = f"📝 *{escape_markdown(article.title)}*\n\n"
-    if article.excerpt:
-        excerpt = article.excerpt[:200] + '...' if len(article.excerpt) > 200 else article.excerpt
-        text += f"{escape_markdown(excerpt)}\n\n"
-    text += f"[Читать полностью]({article_url})"
 
     if article.img:
-        url = f"https://api.telegram.org/bot{bot_token}/sendPhoto"
+        url = f'{api}/sendPhoto'
         data = {
-            'chat_id': channel_id,
+            'chat_id': settings.TELEGRAM_CHANNEL_ID,
-            'photo': f"https://deev.space{article.img.url}",
+            'photo': f'{SITE_URL}{article.img.url}',
             'caption': text,
-            'parse_mode': 'Markdown'
+            'parse_mode': 'HTML',
         }
     else:
-        url = f"https://api.telegram.org/bot{bot_token}/sendMessage"
+        url = f'{api}/sendMessage'
         data = {
-            'chat_id': channel_id,
+            'chat_id': settings.TELEGRAM_CHANNEL_ID,
             'text': text,
-            'parse_mode': 'Markdown',
+            'parse_mode': 'HTML',
-            'disable_web_page_preview': False
         }
 
     response = requests.post(url, data=data, timeout=10)
@@ -82,55 +75,31 @@ def publish_to_telegram(article):
 
 def publish_to_vk(article):
     """Публикация статьи в группу VKontakte."""
-    access_token = settings.VK_ACCESS_TOKEN
+    article_url = f'{SITE_URL}{article.get_absolute_url()}'
-    group_id = settings.VK_GROUP_ID
 
-    article_url = f"https://deev.space{article.get_absolute_url()}"
+    message = f'📝 {article.title}\n\n'
-
-    message = f"📝 {article.title}\n\n"
     if article.excerpt:
         excerpt = article.excerpt[:300] + '...' if len(article.excerpt) > 300 else article.excerpt
-        message += f"{excerpt}\n\n"
+        message += f'{excerpt}\n\n'
-    message += f"🔗 Читать: {article_url}"
+    message += f'🔗 Читать: {article_url}'
 
-    url = "https://api.vk.com/method/wall.post"
     params = {
-        'owner_id': f'-{group_id}',
+        'owner_id': f'-{settings.VK_GROUP_ID}',
         'message': message,
         'from_group': 1,
-        'access_token': access_token,
+        'access_token': settings.VK_ACCESS_TOKEN,
-        'v': '5.131'
+        'v': '5.131',
     }
-
     if article.img:
-        params['attachments'] = f"https://deev.space{article.img.url}"
+        params['attachments'] = f'{SITE_URL}{article.img.url}'
 
-    response = requests.post(url, params=params, timeout=10)
+    response = requests.post('https://api.vk.com/method/wall.post', params=params, timeout=10)
     response.raise_for_status()
 
 
-def escape_markdown(text):
+def ping_search_engines():
-    """Экранирование специальных символов Markdown."""
+    """Уведомление Яндекса об обновлении sitemap (Google ping-эндпоинт отключил в 2023 году)."""
-    escape_chars = ['_', '*', '[', ']', '(', ')', '~', '`', '>', '#', '+', '-', '=', '|', '{', '}', '.', '!']
-    for char in escape_chars:
-        text = text.replace(char, f'\\{char}')
-    return text
-
-
-def ping_search_engines(article):
-    """Уведомление поисковых систем о новой статье."""
-    article_url = f"https://deev.space{article.get_absolute_url()}"
-    
-    # Google
     try:
-        google_ping_url = f"https://www.google.com/ping?sitemap=https://deev.space/sitemap.xml"
+        requests.get(f'https://webmaster.yandex.ru/ping?sitemap={SITE_URL}/sitemap.xml', timeout=5)
-        requests.get(google_ping_url, timeout=5)
+    except requests.RequestException as e:
-    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning('Ошибка ping Яндекса: %s', e)
-        logger.error(f'Ошибка ping Google: {e}')
-    
-    # Яндекс
-    try:
-        yandex_ping_url = f"https://webmaster.yandex.ru/ping?sitemap=https://deev.space/sitemap.xml"
-        requests.get(yandex_ping_url, timeout=5)
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f'Ошибка ping Яндекс: {e}')

main/sitemaps.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from django.contrib.sitemaps import Sitemap
 from django.urls import reverse
+
 from .models import Article, Project
 
 

main/templatetags/custom_filters.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import math
+
 from django import template
-from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
+from django.utils.html import format_html
-import re, math
 
 register = template.Library()
 
@@ -113,8 +114,7 @@ def status_label(status):
 def render_tech_badge(tech_name):
     """Рендерит HTML для бейджа технологии."""
     icon_class = tech_icon(tech_name)
-    html = f'<span class="tech-badge"><i class="{icon_class}"></i> {tech_name}</span>'
+    return format_html('<span class="tech-badge"><i class="{}"></i> {}</span>', icon_class, tech_name)
-    return mark_safe(html)
 
 
 @register.filter

main/tests.py

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-from django.test import TestCase
 
 # Create your tests here.

main/urls.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import path
+
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [

main/views.py

@@ -1,30 +1,38 @@
-from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
-from django.http import JsonResponse
-from django.views.generic import ListView, DetailView, TemplateView
-from django.contrib.auth import login, authenticate, logout
-from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
-from django.contrib import messages
-from django.core.paginator import Paginator
-from django.core.mail import send_mail
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db.models import Q, Count
-from django.views.decorators.http import require_POST, require_GET
-from django.utils import timezone
-from django.utils.html import escape
-from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
-from django.views.decorators.csrf import ensure_csrf_cookie
-from django.db.models import Sum
-from datetime import timedelta
-from .middleware import client_ip_hash, is_bot
 import json
 import logging
-import requests
+from datetime import timedelta
 
+import requests
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib import messages
+from django.contrib.auth import login, logout
+from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
+from django.core.mail import send_mail
+from django.db.models import Count, Q, Sum
+from django.http import JsonResponse
+from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, redirect, render
+from django.utils import timezone
+from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
+from django.utils.html import escape
+from django.views.decorators.csrf import ensure_csrf_cookie
+from django.views.decorators.http import require_POST
+from django.views.generic import DetailView, ListView, TemplateView
+
+from .forms import CommentForm, ContactForm, LoginForm, RegisterForm
+from .middleware import client_ip_hash, is_bot
 from .models import (
-    Article, Project, ProjectStatus, Skill, Comment, ArticleLike, CommentLike, ArticleView,
+    Article,
-    ContactMessage, Experience, Education, Category, SiteSettings
+    ArticleLike,
+    ArticleView,
+    Category,
+    Comment,
+    CommentLike,
+    Education,
+    Experience,
+    Project,
+    SiteSettings,
+    Skill,
 )
-from .forms import RegisterForm, LoginForm, CommentForm, ContactForm
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -398,10 +406,9 @@ class ContactsView(TemplateView):
                     message=f'От: {message.name} ({message.email})\n\nТема: {message.subject}\n\n{message.message}',
                     from_email=settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,
                     recipient_list=[settings.CONTACT_EMAIL],
-                    fail_silently=True,
                 )
-            except Exception as e:
+            except Exception:
-                logger.error(f'Ошибка отправки email: {e}')
+                logger.exception('Ошибка отправки email')
 
             try:
                 notify_alertbot_contact_message(message)